Nepal
is an agricultural country. Nepalese agriculture has its own characteristics
which are as follows:
Subsistence farming:
One
of the major characteristics of Nepalese agriculture is its subsistence
farming. Majority of Nepalese people follow agricultural occupation. But there
production is just enough for their own consumption. Commercial farming system
is very limited in Nepal.
Monsoon based agriculture:
Nepal
is rich in water resources but agriculture sector has to depend on monsoon
rainfall. About 40% of the total cultivated land has irrigation facility and
the rest of the land has to depend on monsoon rainfall.
Small size of land holding:
The
land holding size is very small in Nepal and it is declining over the
years due to high population growth. About 75% of the land holding is below 1
hector and 8% of the land holding is above 3 hector. This small size of land
holding is economically not suitable for commercial farming.
Primitive(Traditional) farming practice:
Nepalese
farming practices are still primitive as compare to similar other countries.
They still use same tools and methods used by their forefathers. Modern tools,
improved seeds, fertilizers, etc. are not commonly used by the majority of
farmers in the country.
Low productivity:
Nepalese
agriculture is characterized by low production and productivity in terms of
output of per hector. Agriculture productivity in Nepal is very low as compare to
developed countries. This is due to the use of inferior seeds, traditional
methods of farming, lack of irrigation facilities, uneducated farmers, etc.
Dual ownership of land:
There
is dual ownership system of land practice in Nepal. Dual ownership means two
parties have been right over same land. The two parties are land owner and
tenant. This creates problem in the development of agriculture.
Importance of Agriculture:
Nepal
is an agricultural country. About 76% of the total population are engaged in
agricultural occupation. Thus, agriculture is the backbone of Nepalese economy.
The importance of agriculture in economic development are as follows:
Source of livelihood:
Agriculture
is the main source of livelihood of Nepalese people. About 76% of the
population is depended on agriculture. It has provided employment to more than
65% of the labour force.
Source of food grains:
The
agriculture sector provides the basic food requirements of the growing
population. It provides various kinds of food crops, cash crops, fruits,
vegetables, etc. which are essential consumption of human life.
Source of industrial raw materials:
Agriculture
is the source of raw materials for agro-based industries in Nepal. It provides raw materials
like sugarcane, tobacco, jute, tea, food grains, milk, skin, etc.
Source of national income:
Agriculture
is the main source of national income. It contributes about 40% of the GDP of
the country.
Source of public revenue:
Agriculture
sector is regarded as one of the major source of public revenue. The government
generates its revenue through land tax, registration fees, export duty, etc.
Maintains environmental balance:
Agriculture
promotes healthy environment by providing greenery and forestry in the country.
It helps to preserve bio-diversity and controls soil erosion.
Supports development:
Agriculture
development stimulates and supports the development of other sectors. The
growth of agriculture increases capital formation. The increased saving and
investment can be invested in health, education, public welfare, etc. This helps
to develop the non-agricultural sector.
Problems of Nepalese Agriculture:
Agriculture
is the backbone of Nepalese economy. Therefore, this sector has given topmost
priority in all economic plans of Nepal. But the development of these
sectors is not satisfactory. There are various problems in agricultural sector
which are as follows:
High pressure of population on land:
There
is high pressure of population on land. Majority of farmers have less than one
hector of land. Since, non – agricultural sector hasn’t still developed,
agriculture is the main source of employment to Nepalese people.
Use of traditional technology:
Majority
of Nepalese farmers are uneducated. So, they use traditional technology in
agriculture. They are unknown about new techniques of production, improved
seeds, fertilizers, scientific equipments, etc.
Lack of irrigation facilities:
Irrigation
is the life blood of agriculture. But the irrigation facilities are inadequate
in Nepal.
Nepal’s
agriculture is still largely depended in monsoon. But monsoon in uncertain.
Lack of agricultural credit facility:
There
is lack of adequate agricultural credit facility in Nepal. Majority of Nepalese farmers
are poor. They need credit to make investment in agriculture.
Lack of marketing facilities:
There
is lack of marketing facilities in rural Nepal. The agricultural marketing
system in Nepal
is unorganized. The farmers are compelled to sell their products to local
shopkeepers at low prices. So, they are discouraged to produce more.
Lack of storage facility:
There
is lack of storage facilities in rural areas of Nepal. Farmers are compelled to
sell their products at low prices during harvesting season.
Lack of agricultural research:
There
is lack of agricultural research related to cropping productivity, suitability
of crops, technology, etc. Similarly, the agricultural techniques are
concentrated in urban areas.
Lack of physical infrastructures:
Development
of agriculture depends on the availability of physical infrastructures for
modernization and commercialization of agricultural sector. Road, irrigation
facilities, storage facility, market centres for the exchange of agricultural
products. But there is lack of such facilities in Nepal for the development of
agriculture.
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