SLC notes - Health, Population and Environment - Very short questions - Question Bank Solution


1.       Write one element of population composition.

ans Age is an element of population composition.


2.       If the annual population growth rate of a place is one percent, over how many years the population will be doubled?

ans Population doubling time = 70/Growth rate = 70/1 = 70 years

3.       Write any to one criteria of quality of life.

ans One criteria of quality life is basic factor.


4.       Write one measures mitigate the adverse effects in the ecosystem of Terai region.

ans Afforestation is one of the measures to mitigate the adverse effects in the ecosystem of Terai region.

5.  What is called the capacity of animals which can adjust in natural environment?

ans Hereditary capacity is the capacity of animals which can adjust in natural environment.

6.  Which species of animals are found more in Nepal?

ans Bird species of animals are found more in Nepal.

7.  Write down any one measure which can be performed by your own level to conserve biodiversity.

ans Public awareness should be created to conserve biodiversity.

8.  Write a measure to control unmanaged urbanization.

ans Development of the rural areas is a measure to control unmanaged urbanization.

9.       In which part of the body the human papiloma virus causes cancer.
ans Cervix is the part of the body the human papiloma virus causes cancer.

10.   Who is responsible to build the public latrine?

ans Role of community is responsible to build the public latrine.

11. What is the population density of Terai region of Nepal according to 2058 BS census?
è The population density of Terai region of Nepal according to 2058 BS census is 330 per sq. km


12. Which factor can be projected through population growth rate?
è Population doubling time can be projected through population growth rate.

13.   Which country among SAARC region is ranked top in terms of Human Development Index?

ans Srilanka is ranked top in terms of Human development index among SAARC region.

14.   Why is life of people of mountain region hard?

è Life of people of mountain region hard because lack of resources and facilities as well as cold climate.


15. Why should the people of hilly region be encouraged to grow fodder trees?
è The people of hilly region should be encouraged to grow fodder trees to protect slope lands.


16. Write down any one importance of biodiversity.

ans Tourism development is one importance of biodiversity.

17. Write down any one conservation measure of biodiversity in your own locality.

è Public awareness is one measure for the conservation of biodiversity.


18. Write down any one effect of industrial development on environment.
è Degradation of Natural resources is one effect of industrial development on environment.


19. Which bacteria causes cholera?
è Vibrio cholera causes cholera.

20. What will be your personal effort to solve the problem of prevalence of disease in your community?
ans Aware about the causes and preventive methods of diseases.

21.   When was first population census held in Nepal? Write in BS.

ans The first population census was held in Nepal in 1968 BS.


22.   How do we calculate the dependency ratio? Write the formula.

ans
Dependency ratio = (Population 0-14 + Population 60 and above) × 100
Population 15-59


23.   Write any one effort for making quality of life.

ans Saving is one effort for making quality of life.


24.   Which aspect of ecosystem is taken as land topography and climate.

ans Physical aspect of ecosystem is taken as land topography and climate.


25.   How many districts are found in the mountain region of Nepal?

è 16 districts are found in the mountain region of Nepal.


26. What is ex-situ conservation?

è The conservation in which the plants and animals are conserved by creating suitable conditions by human is called ex-situ conservation.


27. Write the name of plant which is used to cure cancer.
ans  Himalayan Yew is the name of plant that cures cancer.

28. Write any one principle of sustainable development.
ans  Conservation of ecosystem is one of the principle of sustainable development.


29. What is the cause of Kwashiorker.
ans Lack of protein in food is the cause of Kwashoirker.

30. Write any one service-oriented and activity of Nepal Red Cross Society.

ans Blood transfusion is one service-oriented and activity of Nepal Red Cross Society.

31. Which age range is regarded as active population in Nepal?
ans 15-60 is the age range which is regarded as active population in Nepal.


32. If the annual population growth rate of a place is one percent, over how many years the population will be doubled?

ans Population doubling time = 70/Population Growth Rate = 70/1 = 70 years

33. Write any one advantage of quality of life.

ans Fulfillment of the basic needs is one advantage of quality of life.

34.   Write any one name of ethnic group of Terai region.

ans Tharu is one name of ethnic group of Terai region.


35.   Which aspect of ecosystem is called land, topography and climate.

ans Physical aspect of ecosystem is called land, topography and climate.

36.   In which geographical region of Nepal the rare plant Jatamasi is found?

ans Jatamasi is found in Hilly region of Nepal.


37. What is ex-situ conservation?

ans  The conservation in which the plants and animals are conserved by creating suitable conditions by human is called ex-situ conservation.


38. Write any one type of industry.
ans  Cottage industry is a type of industry.

39.   Which disease is caused by the deficiency of iron in food?

ans Anaemia is caused by the deficiency of iron in food.

40.   What is the full form of DOTS.

ans The full form of DOTS is Direct Observation Treatment System.

41.   What is collectively organized group called?

ans A collectively organized group is called population.


42.   How do you find out density of population?

ans
Density of population = Total population of a place/Area of that place in sq. Km.


43. What is long term goal of population education?

ans The long term goal of population education is to make proper management of population.


44. In which altitude hilly region of Nepal is located?
ans  Hilly region of Nepal lies at an altitude range of 610 – 4877 meters.


45. Mention the main way of conservation of ecosystem of the Terai region.

ans  Population control is the main way of conservation of ecosystem of the Terai region.


46. Which part of the Himalayan yew can be used to cure cancer?
ans Leaves of the Himalayan Yew can be used to cure cancer.


47.   Write one example of in-situ biodiversity conservation.

ans National Park is an example of in-situ conservation.


48.   Which industry is also called organized industry?

ans Large Scale Industry is called organized industry.

49. Write the disease caused due to deficiency of protein.

ans  Kwashiorkor is the disease caused due to deficiency of protein.


50. Which type of health service is more prevalent in Nepal?
ans  Curative health service is more prevalent in Nepal.

What is the meaning of “Demo”.

ans People or Population is the meaning of “Demo”.

52.   Which age group does come under active population?

ans Age group 15-60 comes under active population.

53.   List any one effort for making quality of life?

ans Small family size is one effort for making quality of life.

54.   Mention any one of the wild animals found in Mountain region.

ans Snow leopard is one of the wild animals found in Mountain region.

55.   What percent of land in our country has been occupied by Terai region?

ans 23.1 %

56.   How many species of Mammals are found in Nepal?

ans 181 species of Mammals are found in Nepal.


57. To which group does cordyceps belong?
ans  Cordyceps belongs to Fungus group.

58.   How many types the industry can be classified?

ans The industry can be classified into 4 types.


59.   What is the mode of transmission of Hepatitis ‘B’?

ans Hepatitis ‘B’ is transmitted through infected blood and other bodiely fluids.


60. Mention any one of major health problems of Nepal.
ans  Poverty is one of the major health problem of Nepal.

61. Give the name of any one method of census.
 
ans Defacto method or Dejure method are the methods of Census.


62. Write down the formula of rate of natural increase.
ans  Rate of natural increase = Crude Birth Rate – Crude Death Rate 
= [(total birth - total death)/total population]×1000


63. Write down any one importance of quality of life.

ans Fulfillment of basic needs is one of the importance of quality of life.


64. Write any one name of rare plant of Nepal.
ans Cordyceps is name of rare plant of Nepal.


65.   How much percentage of land is occupied by Terai region?

ans 23 percent of land is occupied by Terai region.


66.   How many classifications are made of biodiversity?

ans 3 classifications are made of biodiversity.

67. Where does the altitude of Himalayan region lie?

ans  The altitude of Himalayan region lies at a range of 4877 – 8848 meters.


68. Write any one effect caused by unorganized urbanization.
ans  Environmental pollution is one effect caused by unorganized urbanization.


69. Which Virus causes Hepatitis ‘C’?
ans Hepatitis ‘C’ is the virus that causes Hepatitis ‘C’.

70. Which harmful element is found in alcohol that adversely affects our body?
ans Ethanol is the harmful element found in alcohol that adversely affects our body.
71.
Which country takes various date of life from sample survey?
ans Afghanistan is the country that takes various date of life from sample survey.

72.
Under which factor affecting birth is “Lactation” included?
ans “Lactation” is the biological factor affecting birth.

73.
Write the score of human development index of Nepal according to human development report – 2066.
ans 138th position

74.
What is the altitudinal range of Terai region.
ans The altitudinal range of Terai region is 60-610 meters.

75.
Write any two major tribes living in the mountain region.
ans Sherpa and Thakali are the two major tribes living in the mountain region.


76. In which geographical region is one horned rhinoceros found?
ans Terai region

77.   Write any one example of ex-situ conservation.

ans Zoo is an example of ex-situ conservation.

78.   Give the definition of sustainable development according to Brundtland commission.

ans The utilization of the available resources in such a way that it fulfills the needs the present generation and conserve for the future generation as well is known as Sustainable development.


79. Write any one name of the disease which is caused by malnutrition.
ans  Marasmus is one of the disease which is caused by malnutrition.

80. Write any one health service which can be developed with the initiation of your own community.

ans Preventive health service can be developed with our initiation in community.

81. Write the formula of population doubling time.

ans Population doubling time = 70 / Population growth rate


82.   What percentage of population of Nepal is involved in agriculture according to the population census of 2058 BS?

ans 65.7 %

83.   Write anyone base for measuring physical quality life index.

ans Literacy is a base for measuring physical quality life index.


84.   What percentage of land is occupied by Himalayan region?

ans 32.2 %


85.   How many types of mammals are found in Nepal?

ans 181 types of mammals are found in Nepal.

86. Write any two famous religious and cultural heritages of Terai region.

ans Lumbini and Barah Chetra are two famous religious and cultural heritages of Terai region.


87. Write anyone importance of Industry.
è Economic development is an importance of Industry.


88. Write the full form of B.C.N.

ans The full form of B.C.N is Birds conservation in Nepal.

89.   Name the disease which is caused due to the lack of Vitamin ‘C’.

ans Scurvy is the disease which is caused due to the lack of Vitamin ‘C’.


90.   What will be your effort to solve the health problem in your community? Write one effort.

ans Balanced diet is an important effort to solve the health problem in my community.

91. What is called for birth, death registration system?

ans Vital registration system is called for birth, death registration system.

92. Which type of population census method is used in Nepal?
è De Jure method of population census is used in Nepal.


93. How is Human Development Index divided?

è Human Development Index is divided by three indicators life expectancy at birth, education and income. The index ranges from 0 to 1 where 0 refers to lowest.


94. At what altitude does the mountain region start above the sea level?
è The altitude of mountain region ranges from 4877 meters to 8848 meters.

95. What is the main occupation of the people living in mountain region?

ans Animal husbandry is the main occupation of the people living in mountain region.

96. In which geographical belt of Nepal, coniferous forest is found?

ans Coniferous forest is found in the Himalayan region of Nepal.

97. Write the names of any two reptiles protected in Nepal.

ans Crocodile and python are two reptiles protected in Nepal.

98. Under which aspect of infrastructure development do electricity and communication come?

ans Electricity and communication comes under the physical aspect of infrastructure development.

99. What is the causative agent of cholera?

ans Vibrio cholera is the causative agent of cholera.

100. Write any one health service agency which is available in your community.

ans Hospital is the health service agency which is available in my community.

101.  In which day population day is celebrated in Nepal?
ans 11th July is celebrated as population day in Nepal.

102.  How do you calculate mid year population?

ans Mid year population = Population at Jan 1 + Population at Dec 31
                                                                      2



103.  Write down the name of SAARC Country , which has the highest H.D.I.

ans Sri Lanka has the highest H.D.I. among the SAARC countries.


104.  Write the names of any two religious sites located in the hilly region.

è Manakamana and Swargadwari are the religious sites located in the hilly region.


105. In which geographical region do Rajbiraj and Mahendra nagar located.
è Rajbiraj and Mahendra nagar are located in the Terai region of Nepal.


106.  Write any one adverse effect on biodiversity due to human activity.

ans Extinction of wildlife is an effect on biodiversity due to human activity.


107.  What is the weight of an Asiatic Rock Python?

ans About 90 Kg.

108.  When was Brundtland commission formed?

ans Brundtland commission was formed in 1987.


109.  Which virus cause cervical cancer?

ans Human papiloma virus cause cervical cancer.


110. Write any one responsibility of your own which will be helpful to solve the health problem of your community.

ans Generating public awareness will be helpful to solve the health problem of my community.

111.  What is the population percentage of Terai region according to the census 2001 AD/2058 BS?

ans 48.4 %

112.  How do you calculate mid-year population?

ans Mid year population = Population at Jan 1 + Population at Dec 31
2

113. Mention any two conditions of low quality of life?

ans Early marriage and gender discrimination are the conditions of low quality of life.

114.  How is the ecosystem of Nepal divided according to the ecological region?

ans Nepal is divided into Terai, Hill and Himal on the basis of the ecological region.

115.  Write any one measure to manage the solid waste by you at local level to protect ecosystem.

è Public awareness regarding the management of solid waste should be provided at the local level to manage the solid waste.


116. Write the names of two rare plants found in Mountain region.
è Jatamasi and Cordyceps are the rare plants found in Mountain region.

117. Provide any two example of In-situ conservation.
è National park and wildlife reserve are examples of In-situ conservation.


118. How is the infrastructure of development classified?

è The infrastructure of development is classified into Human resource, physical aspect, social aspect and economic aspect


119. Give two names of Air borne disease.

è Pnemonia and Tuberculosis are the Air borne diseases.


120. For which disease the DOTS is implemented?

ans DOTS is implemented for tuberculosis.

121. Which source of population data is sample survey included in?

ans Sample survey is included in the primary source of the population data.

122.  What type of factor is ‘Virility’ called as a factor affecting birth?

ans Virility is the psychological factor affecting birth.

123.  Write down any one criteria of quality of life.


ans Nutritious food is one criteria of quality of life.

124.  How many district lie in the Terai region of Nepal?

ans 20 districts lie in the Terai region of Nepal.


125.  Write the names of any two major religious places of the Mountain region.

ans Muktinath and Gosaikunda are the major religious places of the Mountain region.


126.  How many species of fish are found in Nepal?

è 182 species of fishes are found in Nepal.


127. What is meant by in-situ conservation?
è The conservation of the living beings in their own natural environment is known as in-situ conservation.


128. Write any one importance of sustainable development.
è Proper use of resource is an importance of sustainable development.


129. Write the full form of COPD.

è The full form of COPD is Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease.


130. Who is responsible to build the public latrine?
è Community is responsible to build the public latrine.

131.  Write any one method of census.

ans De-facto method is a method of census.

132.  Write the formula of Crude Death Rate.

ans Crude Death Rate = Total No. of deaths in a place in a  year × 1000
Total Mid- Year Population


133. Write any one criteria of measuring human development index.
è Life expectancy at birth is the criteria of measuring human development index.


134. Write any one fruit, which is found in mountain region.
è Apple is found in Mountain region.

135.  Write any one major way of the conservation of ecosystem of Terai region.

ans Awareness programme is a way of the conservation of ecosystem of Terai region.

136.  Write any one rare plants found in Hilly region.

ans Spike nard is a rare plant found in Hilly region.

137.  Write any one Ex-situ measure to conserve animals.

ans Zoo is an example of Ex-situ conservation.

138.  Write any one consequence of unmanaged urbanization.

ans Lack of facilities is a consequence of unmanaged urbanization.

139.  Which disease is caused due to Vitamin ‘C’ deficiency?

è Scurvy is a disease caused due to the deficiency of Vitamin ‘C’.


140. Which south Asian country has the lowest infant mortality rate?
è Sri Lanka has the lowest infant mortality rate.

141.  Which is the artificial factor of population change?

ans Migration is the artificial factor of population change.


142.  Write the formula of population doubling time.

è Population doubling time = 70 / Population Growth Rate


143. Write any one effort for making quality of life.
è Limiting the family size is an effort for making quality of life.

144.  Mention the main way of conservation of ecosystem of mountain region.

ans Afforestation is the main way of conservation of ecosystem of mountain region.

145.  Write any one name of ethnic group of Terai region.


è Tharu is an ethnic group of Terai region.


146. What is ex-situ conservation?

è The conservation in which the plants and animals are conserved by creating suitable conditions by human is called ex-situ conservation.


147. How many species of fish are found in Nepal?

è 182 species of fish are found in Nepal.


148. Write one measure to control unmanaged urbanization.

ans Development of rural area is a measure to control unmanaged urbanization.

149. What can be the main cause of non communicable disease?

ans Heredity can be the main cause of non communicable disease.

150. What is the infant mortality rate of Nepal according to world population data sheet 2006?

ans 64 per thousand is the infant mortality rate of Nepal according to world population data sheet 2006.

151.  Which date is called 6 billion day?

ans 11 July, 1999 is called 6 billion day.


152.  What is the formula to calculate sex ratio?

ans Sex ratio = (Population of male × 100)/Population of female

153.  What is the appropriate age for the first conception of a woman?

ans 20 years is the appropriate age for the first conception of a woman.

154.  What is the main cause of less developmental activities in Mountain region?

è Lack of transport facilities is the main cause of less developmental activities in Mountain region.


155. Write the name of any one animal found in the Hill region.
è Clouded-leopard is the animal found in the Hill region.


156. Write down any two castes of Terai region.

ans Tharu and Danuwar are the two castes of Terai region.

157. Write any one utility of Himalayan Yew.

ans Himalayan Yew is used to cure cancer.

158. Whose role is important for the development work?

ans The role of community is important for the development work.


159. Name the disease that occurred due to the deficiency of Carbohydrate and protein.

ans Marasmus is the disease that occurred due to the deficiency of Carbohydrate and protein.

160. What is the full form of DOTS?

ans The full form of DOTS is Direct Observation Treatment System.

161. Write any one reason for not having population increase before 1930 AD.
è Spreading of Epidemic diseases is a reason for not having population increase before 1930 AD.


162. How is Rate of natural increase calculated?
ans Rate of natural increase = Crude Birth Rate – Crude Death Rate
= [(total birth - total death)/total population]×1000

163.  In how many levels the human development index is divided in to?

ans Human development index is divided into three levels.

164.  Write the names of two castes that are living in the Terai region.

ans Tharu and Danuwar are the two castes that are living in the Terai region.


165. Mention any one mitigating measure to conserve the previous herbs of the mountain region.
è Awareness is a mitigating measure to conserve the previous herbs of the mountain region.


166. What percentage of land area is occupied by Hilly region of Nepal?
è 41.7 %


167. Write two plants enlisted in rare plant in Nepal.

ans Golden michelia and spike nard are the rare plant in Nepal.

168.  Present any one example of the cottage industry.

ans Carpet industry is an example of the cottage industry.


169.  Write any one disease having a possibility of dehydradia.

ans Kwashiorkor is a disease having a possibility of dehydradia.


170.  What is the infant mortality rate per 1000 in Nepal according to the 2006 AD demographic statistics?

ans 59.4 per thousand was the infant mortality rate in Nepal according to the 2006 AD demographic statistics.

171.  Which is the artificial factor of population change?

ans Migration is the artificial factor of population change.


172.  In which group children below 15 year of age and the people of 59 years and above are taken as?

ans Dependent population.

173.  Write any one bases for measuring physical quality of life index.

ans Education is for measuring physical quality of life index.

174.  Which region of Nepal is more affected by modernization?

ans Terai region of Nepal is more affected by modernization.


175.  Natural environment of our country is degrading. Write any one major activity for its protection.

ans Awareness

176.  Write the name of plant, which is used to care cancer.

ans Himalayan Yew is used to care cancer.


177.  Animals are protected by creating suitable environment is Jawalakhel Central Zoo. What is called such conservation?

ans Ex-situ conservation.

178.  Write any one negative affect that affects on environment by unplanned urbanization.

è Water pollution is negative affect that affects on environment by unplanned urbanization.


179. In which part of the body Helocobacter pylori bacteria caused cancer?
è Stomach cancer

180. What sort of departments has been arrange for the services of patient in hospital?

ans Indoor and Outdoor

181.  What is meaning of demo?

ans People or population.


182.  Write down anyone method of measurement of fertility.

ans Heredity


183.  What is the human development index of Bhutan?

ans 0.538

184.  What is the percentage of cultivable land in the mountain region?

ans 2 %

185.  Write any one major activity of environment conservation.

ans Management of solid as well as liquid waste.

186. In comparison to the world, what is the percentage of algae found in Nepal?
ans 2.6 %



187.  How many babies (cubs) does a Bangal Tiger gives birth to at a time?

ans 2 to 6 cubs


188.  What is meant by balanced development? Write in one sentence.

è The development done by focusing the situation of the environment is called balanced development.


189. Write any one name of the disease which is transmitted through syringes.
è HIV AIDS


190. Which health indicator has remarkable progress according to the national target of health?

ans Maternal Mortality rate

191. Write any one method of population census.

ans De-facto

192. Write the way to calculate Rate of Natural Increase of Population.

ans Rate of natural increase = Crude Birth Rate – Crude Death Rate
= [(total birth - total death)/total population]×1000


193. Write down any one basis of quality of life.

ans Food

194. In which altitude range from the sea level, Terai region of Nepal is located?

ans 60 to 610 meters

195. Write any one major activity of environment conservation.

ans Land conservation and pollution control

196. Mention any one major cause of rareness of vegetation and animals.

ans Deforestation

197. Write any one major cause of rareness of Clouded Leopard.

ans Destruction of habitat

198. Write any one importance of development programme for the progress of society and nation.

ans To raise the living standard of the people

199. In the context of Nepal, which disease is mostly found in HIV infected person?

ans Tuberculosis

200. Write any one major health problem of Nepal.

ans Malnutrition

201.  Write any one socio-cultural factor effect in birth.

ans God’s blessing


202.  If the annual population growth rate of a certain place is two percent. In how many years the population of that place will be doubled?

ans Population doubling time = 70/2 =35 Years

203.  Write any one index of physical quality of life.

ans Literacy

204. What is called the physiological capacity of living being which can adjust in natural environment?

ans Adaptation

205. What is the physical height of Terai region?

ans 60 to 610 meters

206. What is the main function of Gene?
ans Transfer of hereditary character

207. For the treatment of which disease is serpentine used?

ans Blood pressure, reduce pain, diarrhea etc.



208.  Give any one example of cottage industry.

ans Carpet industry


209.  What is the cause of Kwashiorkor?

ans Lack of Protein

210. How many beds are there in a zonal hospital?

ans 50-150

211.  Write any two factors that can affect mortality rate.

ans Ageing and heath education


212.  Write the formula to calculate infant mortality rate.

ans
IMR = (No. of death under 1 years of age in a year × 1000)/Total no. of live births in that year


213.  Write any one effort which can be useful to make quality of life.

ans Limiting the family size


214.  Give any one reason of the less population and low density of population on the Mountain region of Nepal.

ans Geographical difficulties

215.  Mention any one major way of conservation of ecosystem of the Terai region.

ans Conservation of forest

216.  At what range of altitude is Golden Michalia found?

ans 600-1500 meters

217.  For what benefit do people hunt Giant Hornbill?

ans Flesh and medicine

218.  Write any one principle of sustainable development.

ans Conservation of environment

219.  What is liver problem caused by alcoholism?

ans Cirrhosis

220. Write down any one function of Nepal Red-cross Society.

ans Blood donation programme

221.  Which development region of Nepal has highest population according to census 2058 BS?

ans Mid – western development region


222.  How is Natural rate of increase of population calculated?

ans Rate of natural increase = Crude Birth Rate – Crude Death Rate

= [(total birth - total death)/total population]×1000

223.  Write any one advantage of quality of life.

ans Fulfillment of basic needs

224.  How does the altitude of the Himalayan region range?

ans 4877 – 8848 meters


225.  Name two major cash crops of the Terai region.

ans Tobacco and sugarcane

226. What is called, where animals and plants are conserved in their natural habitat?

ans In – situ conservation

227.  Write any one name of rare mammals.

ans Clouded leopard

228.  Write any one measure to control unmanaged urbanization.


ans Population control or development of rural areas

229. What is the bad effect in body caused by less or more consumption of food that necessary?

ans Malnutrition

230. Who is responsible to solve the major problem of the community?

ans Every individual

231.  Which age group is called active population?

ans 15-60 years


232.  When will be the population of Nepal doubled if it has Annual Growth Rate as 1.4%?
 ans Population doubling time = 70/Population Growth rate = 70/1.4  = 50 years

233.  Write any one element of quality of life.

ans Nutritious food


234.  What percent of the total land of Nepal has been occupied by Mountain region?

ans 35.2 %


235.  Which aspect of ecosystem is taken as land structure and climate?

ans Physical aspect

236.  In which two protected zones the one horn Rhino is found?

ans Chitwan National park and Bardiya National park

237.  How to cordyceps reproduce?

ans From spore

238.  Write any one unplanned consequences in industrialization.

ans Environmental pollution

239.  What is called the condition of human body when the water content is low?

ans Dehydration

240.  Write any one point which justifies the importance of community health.

ans Creation of healthy environment

















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